«I politici imparano mai dalla storia?
Alcuni forse. Ma Silvio Berlusconi certo non è tra questi».
Così inizia un articolo del Financial
Times pubblicato nella pagina dei commenti
a firma dei professori Martin Rhodes e David
Natali dell’Istituto Universitario europeo di Firenze.
COMMENT: Berlusconi has failed to heed the lesson
of history
By David Natali and Martin Rhodes
Financial Times; Oct 24, 2003
Do politicians ever learn from history? Maybe,
but Silvio Berlusconi is not among them. Almost a decade ago, a Berlusconi-led
government fell from power when clumsily introduced pension reform provoked
strikes and the collapse of his coalition. Ten years later it is déjàvu:
ill thought-out pension reform, a general strike and a government on the
brink of dissolution. Only Italy’s European Union presidency prevents its
collapse.
This is not so much a bad government (though it may be that too) as a non-government. Italy is in trouble and needs strong leadership. Its economy is stagnating, inflation is rising and the deficit is moving away from the government’s target. Industry is facing a collapse in sales and orders, and competitiveness is threatened by the country’s inadequate research base.
Severe internal dissent and an incapacity for economic management make Mr Berlusconi’s government irrelevant in the face of these challenges – as Italy’s business and financial elite constantly complain. The unseemly and trivial squabbles over this year’s budget law are telling. For there is little to fight over: it is a non-budget, replete with short-term, sticking-plaster measures of little consequence, including amnesties for extensive tax fraud and illegal construction (which encourage more such behaviour), the sale (and lease-back) of state property and a suspension of public-sector hiring.
The new pension reform conforms to type. There are some innovations: a reduction of public sector privileges, more controls on much-abused invalidity pensions and a “solidarity contribution” – or tax – on “golden pensions” of more than €10,000 ($11,800) a month. Lower contributions for new private-sector hires may produce more jobs and end-of-service allowances will be transferred into supplementary pension funds. But, for the rest, it is a populist reform that will deliver nei ther popularity nor long-term sustainability to the Italian pension system.
Its two main innovations make things worse, not better. One, the “super bonus” (a third of gross pay) to encourage delayed retirement, will freeze the payment of pension contributions and transfer that amount to the employee. But this will simply cut the revenue of the social security system and aggravate its deficit. The other, increasing the contribution period for access to a full pension from 35 to 40 years, will take effect from 2008. But owing to the so-called “announcement effect”, the rush to retire before that date will reduce savings.
In any event, the reform is more virtual than real. Even in the improbable case that the government stays in power until 2008, the reform may well be revised in 2005 or 2007 when a review is scheduled. The government is provoking a crisis over a non-reform.
A more intelligent approach would have engaged unions and employers in broader reforms to Italy’s perverse and poorly performing welfare system. This was foreseen under the “Pact for Italy” that the government signed last year with Italy’s employers and two of the three largest unions but has now unwisely reneged on.
A more effective reform – on grounds of both equity and cost – would have struck a bargain across several areas of policy. In return for an increase in low state pensions, a tougher policy on contributions and tax evasion, higher expenditure on training and a genuine system of compensation for workers affected by job losses and restructuring, the government could have won concessions while preserving social consensus.
These concessions would have included an increase in the pensionable age and contribution period from 2004 and an accelerated transition from the earnings-related system to its contribution-based replacement, put in place in 1995. More stringent controls on invalidity pensions, a lower threshold for progressive pension taxation and revision of incentives for companies to adjust employment via early retirement are all badly needed.
But a non-government cannot produce reform. For none of this would be acceptable to Mr Berlusconi’s quarrelsome coalition partners, the Northern League and National Alliance, the former defending “northern workers”, the latter Italy’s civil servants. Far from the new decisionismo promised by Mr Berlusconi, this logjam evokes the clientelism and “party-ocracy” of the First Republic.
The writers are, respectively, professor of public policy and research fellow at the European University Institute, Florence
A evitare la dissoluzione della maggioranza, secondo gli autori dell’articolo, sarebbe soltanto la presidenza italiana della Ue, perché il governo Berlusconi non è in grado di varare alcun vero provvedimento. Se tale governo è «un non governo», la finanziaria «è una non-finanziaria», «piena di misure ‘cerotto sul breve termine con modesti effetti». Stesso giudizio sulla riforma delle pensioni, che «è una non-riforma».
LItalia, insomma, è nei guai in tutti i settori chiave: leconomia è al collasso, il deficit sta aumentando a dismisura oltre le previsioni del governo, linflazione è in crescita esponenziale, lindustria sta affrontando una caduta verticale nelle vendite e negli ordini e la competitività viene impedita dalla inadeguata base di ricerca del paese.
Allinterno di questo quadro, la riforma delle pensioni è un esempio tipico del modo di agire di Berlusconi & co., ed è lemblema di una riforma cerotto. «Ci sono alcune innovazioni, ma le due principali novità, peggiorano le cose, invece di migliorarle scrive il Financial Times – una è il ‘super bonus’ per incoraggiare la posticipazione della pensione, che ridurrà le entrate del sistema di previdenza sociale e aggraverà il deficit. L’altra è il prolungamento del periodo contributivo da 35 a 40 anni, a partire dal 2008, che produrrà una corsa ad andare in pensione prima di quella data e ridurrà i risparmi».
La riforma, dunque, appare «più virtuale che reale». Destinata a non entrare mai in vigore. Anche perchè il governo è agli sgoccioli: «Anche nel caso improbabile in cui il governo rimanesse al potere fino al 2008, la riforma potrebbe essere modificata nel 2005 e nel 2007 quando è prevista una sua revisione. Un approccio più intelligente avrebbe coinvolto i sindacati e i lavoratori in più ampie riforme del perverso e scarso (nella performance) sistema welfare». Promesse che tra laltro erano scritte nere su bianco,. previste nel «Patto per l’Italia».
I commentatori, infine, suggeriscono anche una strada possibile, che
sarebbe stata percorribile e infinitamente più responsabile: «Controlli
più severi sulle pensioni di invalidità, una più bassa
soglia per una progressiva tassazione delle pensioni e una revisione degli
incentivi per le aziende per aggiustare la situazione in cui i lavoratori
vanno in pensione anticipatamente, sono tutti provvedimenti fortemente
necessari».
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